Which law of inheritance states that alleles segregate independently during gamete formation?

The correct answer is the Law of Independent Assortment. This law states that alleles for different traits segregate independently of one another during the formation of gametes. This means that the inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another trait, allowing for various combinations of alleles to occur in the offspring.

The Law of Segregation, while related, specifically addresses how alleles for a single trait separate during gamete formation, ensuring that each gamete carries only one allele for each trait. The Law of Dominance refers to how some alleles can mask the expression of others, and the Law of Probability explains the likelihood of certain outcomes occurring but does not directly address how alleles segregate during gamete formation. Understanding the distinction between these concepts clarifies why the Law of Independent Assortment is the appropriate choice in this context.