What macromolecule is primarily responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information?

Nucleic acids are the macromolecules primarily responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information. This class of biomolecules includes DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). DNA serves as the long-term storage medium for genetic code, providing the instructions needed for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. The structure of DNA, composed of nucleotide sequences, allows it to replicate and pass on genetic information during cell division.

RNA plays a crucial role in the expression of that genetic information, particularly in protein synthesis, where messenger RNA (mRNA) conveys genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes, the sites of protein assembly. The unique properties of nucleic acids, including their ability to store, replicate, and transmit genetic information across generations, highlight their fundamental role in biology.

In contrast, proteins primarily perform various functions within the organism, including structural support, catalyzing biochemical reactions (as enzymes), and regulating cellular processes, but they do not store genetic information directly. Carbohydrates mainly serve as energy sources and structural components in cells, while lipids function in energy storage and forming cellular membranes, without involvement in conveying genetic information.